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The Edict of Torda in 1568, also known as the Patent of Toleration,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.unitarius.hu/english/lelteto.rtf ) Page 7.〕 was an early attempt to guarantee religious freedom in Christian Europe, that was born due the special political, social and religious situation in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th century. == The original edict == King János Zsigmond Zápolya of Hungary, encouraged by his Unitarian Minister Ferenc Dávid, during the Diet of 1568〔de Marcos, Jaume ("Servetus at the European Congress of Religious Studies 2004" ). Retrieved on 2008-01-23.〕 issued the following proclamation (roughly translated into English):
This edict was given at the Transylvanian city of Torda. Torda (now Turda, a city in Cluj County, Romania) was in 1568 at the center of a maelstrom of power struggles between cultures, religions, and thrones. The edict, appearing during the counter-Reformation and during a time when national churches were being established,〔Williams, George M. ("History as Treason" ). Retrieved 2008-01-23.〕 represented a move toward religious toleration and a direct renunciation of national establishment of a single religion. This edict was not the first attempt to legislate religious freedoms in Hungary. Owing to the near collapse of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary in this era (accelerated by the Battle of Mohács in 1526, in which most of the Roman Catholic leadership of Hungary perished), the Reformation made great inroads in Hungary. The edict was only one of a series in which various religious groups seized the opportunity to secure legal tolerance for their own adherents. The edict of 1568 legally applied to Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Unitarians. Other groups, such as Eastern Orthodox Romanians (over half the population), Jews, and Muslims, were "tolerated" but not granted legal guarantees. Moreover, the edict speaks of preachers and congregations, not of individuals. It does not guarantee the free exercise of ''personal'' religious conscience.〔Miklós Molnár, ''A Concise History of Hungary'', Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 110.〕 Nevertheless, what is striking about this edict is the universality of its language, which owes much to the influence of Ferenc Dávid, and goes beyond any previous edict. It helped foster toleration as a notion beyond mere political expedience, and helped pave the way for the remarkably tolerant regime of the Calvinist Prince Bethlen Gábor of Transylvania, when (for example) Jews were relieved of the requirement of wearing the Star of David.〔Paul Lendvai, ''The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat'', Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 110.〕 In the near term, however, the Edict of Torda sparked a backlash from opposing political forces: Zápolya was replaced, and subsequent edicts revoked the Edict of Torda. Dávid, who went on to teach that praying to Christ is an error (nonadorantism), split the Unitarians and jeopardized their legal protection.〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th. edition, vol. 3, p. 909.〕 He was convicted of heresy and died in prison under the ascendancy of the Roman Catholic Church and the rule of Prince Kristóf Báthory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Edict of Torda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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